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P9 Partial magnitude OK, bascule fausse Physique nucléaire

Puzzle PREX–CREX — peau neutronique

Bonne magnitude des peaux neutroniques de ²⁰⁸Pb et ⁴⁸Ca, mais bascule fine/épaisse inversée. La frontière est localisée : le modèle de couches discret échoue sur la densité de surface continue. Échec publié (B3-FAIL).

◫ Simulation figure(s)

Figure P9

JSON results — converted to tables

Machine-readable artefacts frozen by SHA-256. Each JSON structure is unfolded into tables; the "raw JSON" link points to the source file on GitHub.

p9_prex.json 2 table(s) · 6 rows Raw JSON on GitHub
ChampValeur
V00.2
VSO0.06
ETA0.5
nameZNNexApeau_fmpeau_relr_nr_p
Ca4820288480.1992990.045699410.871810.1505
Sn1325082321320.2496330.040856615.278214.3747
Pb20882126442080.2209060.031069817.720316.9209

Explanation — context & formalism

P9 — PREX–CREX Neutron-Skin Puzzle

Domain: Nuclear physics — parity-violating electron scattering Status: ⚠️ Instructive negative result; boundary located Data: PREX-II (²⁰⁸Pb), CREX (⁴⁸Ca), RIKEN (¹³²Sn) Solver: Shell model with spin-orbit (v4), plus three documented failures (v1–v3)

Problem

Two parity-violation measurements (without strong-interaction uncertainty) give incompatible neutron skins for global models:

energy (L = 106 ± 37 MeV)

No density functional reproduces both at 68%. Since 2026, a third doubly magic nucleus, ¹³²Sn (RIKEN), also gives a thin skin — a triplet (⁴⁸Ca, ¹³²Sn, ²⁰⁸Pb) that tightens the vice. This is an isovector nuclear structure problem at two scales — exactly where the solver proved its value (P6–P8).

Anchors (measured)

²⁰⁸Pb 0.283 ± 0.071 fm (PREX-II)

CREX + ¹³²Sn ⇒ L low (soft)

N=82; ²⁰⁸Pb: Z=82, N=126) — the simplest structurally, therefore the cleanest test of the isovector sector.

reconciles CREX and PREX, because ⁴⁸Ca and ²⁰⁸Pb have different shell and surface structures.

The mechanism (derived, not postulated)

The nucleus = an isoscalar core (paired protons + neutrons) + excess neutrons (N − Z) to place. The PREX–CREX question: where do these excess neutrons go? The skin is their spatial distribution relative to protons.

In the finite-core model, excess neutrons occupy valence orbits above the paired core. Two facts from the solver drive the switching:

small core, valence orbits are inside or at the edge (saturated regime, thin skin); for a large core, surface tension and symmetry pressure push excess neutrons outward (thick skin).

control parameter is N − Z and the scale A^(1/3).

Prediction: the relative skin Δr_np/R grows with neutron excess and with A in a non-monotone way — thin for ⁴⁸Ca (N−Z=8) and ¹³²Sn (taut surface, broad shells), thick for ²⁰⁸Pb (N−Z=44, large surface).

Four attempts, three failures documented

v1 — Single valence orbit

Skin negative and monotone — scale artefact; the radius of a single orbit is not the distribution skin.

v2 — Geometric Woods-Saxon

Skin null — radius is driven by R_c (geometry), insensitive to depth; surface physics is missing.

v3 — Symmetry/surface minimisation, quadratic term

Saturation of all heavy nuclei to the same value — the switching is masked by the form of the surface term.

These three successive failures are the real content of P9: the neutron skin is a problem of continuous surface density, which neither a single orbit, nor a geometry, nor a simple phenomenological minimisation captures.

v4 — Shell model with spin-orbit

The Zhang–Chen mechanism (isovector spin-orbit) implemented: filling of shells (n, l, j) of a Woods-Saxon + spin-orbit well, matter radii (n+p) vs charge (p).

NucleusN − ZSolver skin (fm)Experiment (fm)
⁴⁸Ca8+0.1990.121 ± 0.026 (CREX)
¹³²Sn32+0.250thin (RIKEN)
²⁰⁸Pb44+0.2210.283 ± 0.071 (PREX-II)

The right magnitude, the wrong switching, and why

  1. Succeeded: v4 gives a positive skin of ~0.2 fm — the right order of

magnitude, where v1–v3 failed. Spin-orbit captures surface distribution by shells.

  1. Failed: the switching is inverted — the solver gives Ca (0.199) < Pb

(0.221) but Sn (0.250) > Pb, whereas experiment requires Pb clearly above (0.283) of Ca+Sn (~0.13).

  1. Cause identified: shell analysis shows that Pb valence neutrons are in

high-angular-momentum orbitals (i₁₃/₂, l = 6, radius 5.5 fm) — strongly localised near the edge but inside the core. The discrete shell model misses the continuous surface density diffusion of Pb's 44 excess neutrons (large volume, low symmetry cost per neutron), which is the true mechanism of the thick skin. Sn has more external shells in this model (l=5 at 4.7 fm) giving its falsely high skin.

Limitations (published with the verdict)

the skin; conversion to experimental R_n − R_p assumes a distribution (sphere/Fermi).

(stratum S3) — the verdict is on the switching (qualitative, robust), not on the absolute value of L.

clean than parity violation) — lower weight in the verdict.

Verdict

P9 is a negative result, published as such; the solver's boundary is located. The solver captures spin-orbit and the right order of magnitude (v4), but misses the fine/thick switching: the discrete shell model does not reproduce the continuous surface density diffusion that makes ²⁰⁸Pb thick-skinned. This is not a success — and it is valuable knowledge: it locates exactly where the finite-core model must be extended (continuous surface density, not discrete shells) to speak about the neutron skin.

In accordance with honest reporting, the failure is published with the same care as a success, with its three documented attempts. No parameter was adjusted to force the switching.

Recommendation: either extend the model (continuous density — work in progress), or retain the boundary as a documented limit of the solver.


Stratum: S3 (off-corpus, constitutive) Anchors: PREX-II, CREX, RIKEN data (S2 preliminary / external data) No adjusted parameters.

Document source

Reports (PDF verdict notes)

</> Simulation — Python scripts

p9_prex.py

⌗ Cross-references

§ Related glossary entries

B3-FAIL — Invariant n°4 : l'échec est une sortie publiée avec le même soin que le succès (note dédiée, verdict explicite). Ex. : P9 (PREX–CREX), P-LaLr.
PREX–CREX — Expériences de diffusion parity-violante mesurant la peau neutronique de ²⁰⁸Pb et ⁴⁸Ca. Leur tension apparente est le « puzzle » que P9 échoue à trancher finement.
Peau neutronique — Excès d'extension radiale des neutrons sur les protons dans un noyau. Grandeur cible de P9 et P26.
Modèle SSH — Chaîne de Su–Schrieffer–Heeger : dimère 1D à modes zéro de bord protégés topologiquement.
Frontière r₁₂ — Limite constitutive de la machine : la réponse corrélée continue à deux corps (r₁₂ explicite) n'est pas dérivable sans liberté de forme. Déclarée en P31, loi en P32, renforcée en P33.

See the full glossary →